Live In A Tree

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Live In A Tree
Live In A Tree

Video: Live In A Tree

Video: Live In A Tree
Video: twenty one pilots - Trees (Live) 2024, March
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The recent article by Archi.ru about the 8-storey wooden house of the architect Gert Wingord in Stockholm (9-storey, if you count the attic) caused a lively reaction from our readers. We decided to develop this topic and talk about buildings made of wood eight stories high and above - about how they are built, and about whether wood can compete with reinforced concrete.

Technologies

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Multi-storey wooden buildings are erected using the technology of Cross-laminated timber or X-lam - from large-sized cross-glued panels (CLT panels), which do all the work of the columns, beams and rafters of the traditional system. Spruce wood is usually used for their manufacture. Dried wooden lamellas from 10 to 45 mm thick under a pressure of at least 0.6 N / mm2 are cross-glued to each other using a binder without phenol-formaldehyde resins. Due to the perpendicular arrangement of the fibers, the anisotropy of the wood is leveled, the effect of drying is reduced to almost a minimum and the bearing capacity is significantly increased. Most often, panels are used from 3 to 7 layers thick.

In the same place, in the production, from the resulting elements in accordance with carefully developed drawings, panels are cut out along with all the necessary openings, in some cases even with channels for electrical wiring and communications. The maximum possible dimensions are 16.5 mx 2.95 mx 0.5 m, but they are usually reduced in length: the size limitation imposes the need for transportation.

Строительство жилого дома Forté в Мельбурне © Chris Philpot
Строительство жилого дома Forté в Мельбурне © Chris Philpot
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Then all panels are marked and transported to the construction site together with a detailed assembly diagram. This is one of the longest stages, since often large-sized wooden materials travel not only from one country to another overland, but also cross the ocean: for example, for a residential building in Melbourne, the supporting structures were made in Austria.

At the construction site, all that remains is to assemble all the elements in the correct sequence - and this is a rather difficult task, the engineers admit: most mistakes are made during assembly. But if they can be avoided, then the process is much easier and faster than with the construction of traditional reinforced concrete high-rise buildings. Four builders and a crane put together an 8-10-story wooden building in 9-10 weeks, working several days a week. These breaks in work are associated with a phased supply of panels: if the entire set were brought in at once, a separate hangar would be required for storing building materials. As a result, it turns out about 3 working days per floor - this is how the construction of the building on Murray Grove in London went. In addition to speed, the construction of multi-storey timber buildings is distinguished by the cleanliness of the construction site and the relative silence of the installation process.

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The largest loads in the structure arise at the joints between wall panels and at the points of abutment to the ceiling walls. The panels are connected to each other using pins, steel plates and a series of criss-cross screws, sometimes up to 550 mm in length.

One of the indisputable advantages of modern structures made of CLT panels is their comparative lightness with high bearing capacity: low weight facilitates transportation, reduces the load on the foundation and speeds up the installation process. Taking into account both the time spent on production and the time of direct assembly on site, everything together comes out about twice as fast as with the construction of traditional systems.

Glued panels have high acoustic qualities: they have a significantly higher density than solid timber, and tolerances for fit on the construction site do not exceed +/- 5 mm, while in reinforced concrete they are 10 mm. This tight fit increases air tightness, reduces heat loss and facilitates joining of structural elements.

В одном кубическом метре древесины секвестируется одна тонна диоксида углерода © Michael Green
В одном кубическом метре древесины секвестируется одна тонна диоксида углерода © Michael Green
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Among other things, manufacturers and architects emphasize the environmental friendliness of this technology. Wood is a natural resource that is renewed faster than consumed. Trees absorb carbon dioxide, and during the life of the tree, it accumulates (sequesters) until the plant starts to rot, decompose or burns: then CO2 is released back into the soil and into the atmosphere. Thus, if a healthy tree with accumulated carbon in it is used in construction, the return of dioxide to the environment will not occur. One cubic meter of wood will store a ton of CO2, and a new tree will grow in place of the felled tree. At the end of their operation, wooden buildings are very easy to disassemble and go for recycling, reused or even become a source of energy themselves, for example, as fossil fuel. Substituting wood for some of the volume of steel or reinforced concrete currently used in construction - very energy-intensive materials in production - can lead to significant reductions in CO emissions2.

Fire resistance

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Many people question the fire safety of multi-storey wooden buildings. Of course, wood burns, but steel does not, but the degree of flammability is not an indicator of fire resistance. Wood has low thermal conductivity and can maintain the integrity of the structure for a long time. It is very difficult to set fire to a log, beam or thick wooden panel, but if it does catch fire, it burns very slowly and in a predictable pattern.

When wood heats up from about 280 ° C, a charred layer forms on its surface, which smolders and insulates the core, complicating the flow of oxygen inside, which slows down the combustion process. Solid wood smolders at a speed of about 0.5–0.8 mm per minute: for example, 30–50 mm of the outer layer will burn out from a 200 mm beam in 60 minutes. The danger of collapse occurs at about 500 ° C, since at this temperature the protective carbon layer becomes hot and ignites. The limit of fire resistance - the period of time during which a wooden structure retains its load-bearing capacity - depends on the size of its cross-section and dimensions: the larger the dimensions, the more difficult it is to ignite and the slower the combustion process is.

At the same temperatures, non-combustible, but heat-conducting steel melts, deforms in different directions, and at about 450–500 ° C it loses its bearing capacity. A steel structure untreated by fire protection collapses within 15 minutes after the start of the fire, and it is impossible to calculate exactly where the collapse will occur. Therefore, the main advantage of wood construction in case of fire is increased fire resistance and predictability of behavior.

Why is it important? If a fire started and it was not possible to neutralize its source, it is necessary to remove people from the building: for the evacuation to succeed, it is necessary to know exactly how long the structure will maintain its integrity and exactly where it will collapse. When burning wooden structures, this time is calculated and the place of their collapse is predictable. In addition, burning wood produces a moderate amount of smoke that is rarely toxic. These natural properties, coupled with modern refractory technologies, show good results.

To prevent a fire, the structures are factory treated with fire retardants, and to neutralize the source, warning systems and sprinkler systems are installed.

Tallest wooden houses

8 floors: Bridport House, London

Bridport Pl London

Karakusevic Carson Architects

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When choosing the type of supporting frame, the architects were guided by the criteria for the weight of the structure: a 19th century drain pipe runs under the construction site, which had to be preserved. A traditional reinforced concrete building would be unacceptably heavy, so cross-laminated panels were chosen.

Bridport House. Фото с сайта www.ketley-brick.co.uk
Bridport House. Фото с сайта www.ketley-brick.co.uk
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Bridport House © Ioana Marinescu
Bridport House © Ioana Marinescu
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Bridport House replaced the old 5-story 1950s house. There are 41 apartments in the building, the residents of the first floor have their own access to the street and patios, and the residents of the remaining 33 apartments have spacious balconies. The façade is clad with bricks, and the protruding balconies are covered with copper sheets. The structural frame of the building, made of cross-laminated panels, was assembled in 12 weeks.

Bridport House: установка CLT-панелей 1-го этажа © Rahul Patalia
Bridport House: установка CLT-панелей 1-го этажа © Rahul Patalia
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Bridport House: устройство фундамента © Rahul Patalia
Bridport House: устройство фундамента © Rahul Patalia
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9 floors: Stadthaus

24 Murray Grove London

Waugh Thistleton Architects

Жилой дом Stadhaus в Лондоне © Waugh Thistleton Architects
Жилой дом Stadhaus в Лондоне © Waugh Thistleton Architects
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London's 24 Murray Grove has nine floors of 29 apartments of two different types: tenant-owned commercial units and the Metropolitan Housing Trust's rented units. The social block occupies the first four floors, the commercial block occupies the last five, and these blocks are completely isolated from each other.

Жилой дом Stadhaus в Лондоне. Генплан и план 1-го этажа © Waugh Thistleton Architects
Жилой дом Stadhaus в Лондоне. Генплан и план 1-го этажа © Waugh Thistleton Architects
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The transition from one block to another is reflected in the drawing of the facades: at the level of the 4th floor, gray panels are replaced by white ones. The façade is clad with 5000 panels (1200 mm x 230 mm), 70% of which are recycled waste from the woodworking industry. Their drawing resembles the play of light and shade, created during the day on the facades of the surrounding buildings and trees.

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Despite the fact that the technology of construction from glued panels is more expensive than traditional reinforced concrete, it helps to save on the construction site. For example, it would take about 72 weeks to erect a similar structure made of reinforced concrete, while this building was completed in 49 weeks. At the same time, the supporting structure itself was assembled by four builders in 27 working days, working 9 weeks, 3 days each. Also, there was no need to use an expensive tower crane: they managed with mobile lifting and scaffolding for the work on the facade cladding.

Жилой дом Stadhaus в Лондоне. План 2-4-го этажей © Waugh Thistleton Architects
Жилой дом Stadhaus в Лондоне. План 2-4-го этажей © Waugh Thistleton Architects
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You can read more about the spatial planning and the environmental component of the project.

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here.

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Жилой дом Stadhaus в Лондоне © Waugh Thistleton Architects
Жилой дом Stadhaus в Лондоне © Waugh Thistleton Architects
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9 floors: Via Cenni, Milan

Rossiprodi Associati s.r.l.

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For the first time, a high-rise structure made of cross-laminated panels is used in an earthquake-prone region: on the outskirts of Milan, the probability of earthquakes is not very high, but it still exists, and X-Lam technology meets all construction requirements in such areas.

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Жилой комплекс Via Cenni © Gaia Cambiaggi
Жилой комплекс Via Cenni © Gaia Cambiaggi
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The residential complex with a total area of 17,000 m2 consists of four 9-storey towers connected by a 2-level stylobate. The complex has 124 apartments ranging in size from 2 to 4 rooms (from 50 to 100 m2). The towers 13.6 x 19.1 m in plan and 27.95 m in height are of the same type, but not the same: the individual appearance is formed by the pattern of the balconies.

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The structural thickness of the walls decreases by 20 mm every two or three floors: on the first it is 200 mm, on the ninth - 120 mm. Floors - 200 and 230 mm (7 layers). Spans less than 5.8 m are covered with a 5-layer panel of 200 mm, and spans less than 6.7 m are covered with a 7-layer 230 mm panel. Panels are joined using special connecting screws from 200 to 550 mm long.

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Жилой комплекс Via Cenni © Rossiprodi Associati
Жилой комплекс Via Cenni © Rossiprodi Associati
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The area where the building is located is a series of traditional Italian farmhouses on the one hand, and a complex of urban administrative, business, industrial and commercial buildings on the other. The idea of the project was to combine these two types of development and create a border space - a transition from urban to rural typology. Due to the presence in the house of apartments of different types (from 65 m2 to 125 m2) and public spaces for various purposes, the architects wanted to create an environment suitable for the emergence of a local community and create a center of attraction for the entire area.

10 floors: Forté, Melbourne

807 Bourke Street, Victoria Harbor

Developer - Lend Lease

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With a height of 32.17 m, Forté is considered the tallest wooden building in the world: it has 10 floors, erected in just 11 months, and it took 38 working days to install the timber support structure. The house has 23 apartments: 7 one-room (59 m2), 14 two-room (80 m2) and 2 two-room penthouses (102 m2).

Forté © Lend Lease
Forté © Lend Lease
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The foundation and the first floor are made of reinforced concrete: in addition to transferring the load to the ground, it protects the overlying wooden part from the typical problem of the region - the attacks of termites. All other elements are made of cross-laminated panels - from walls and ceilings to elevator shafts and staircases. Walls - 5-ply 128 mm panels with 13 mm refractory plaster on both sides. Floors - 146 mm panels with a 16 mm layer of refractory plaster. The fire resistance limit of these structures is 90 minutes. The outer wall, close to the adjacent site by 6 meters, is thickened for additional protection from fire in this direction. The metal fastening of the panels to the walls is hidden by a screed. The elevator and stairwells are made in double walls: according to the calculations of the designers, in the event of a part of the building collapsing, they will be able to maintain their integrity and bearing capacity.

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Стройплощадка © Chris Philpot
Стройплощадка © Chris Philpot
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The facades are faced with aluminum panels, the balconies, which are a continuation of the floor panels, are covered with a polyurethane waterproofing membrane, and then with tiles along the screed. Wooden CLT panels are left open only on the ceilings of the loggias and on one wall in the interior of each apartment.

CLT-панели © Chris Philpot
CLT-панели © Chris Philpot
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CLT-панели © Chris Philpot
CLT-панели © Chris Philpot
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Жилой дом Forté в Мельбурне. План типового этажа © Lend Lease
Жилой дом Forté в Мельбурне. План типового этажа © Lend Lease
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In the loggias there is a place for mini-gardens, and precipitation is collected and used for technical needs, including in the sprinkler system.

Жилой дом Forté в Мельбурне. Конструкция фасада © Lend Lease
Жилой дом Forté в Мельбурне. Конструкция фасада © Lend Lease
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Жилой дом Forté в Мельбурне. Конструкция окна © Lend Lease
Жилой дом Forté в Мельбурне. Конструкция окна © Lend Lease
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Жилой дом Forté в Мельбурне. Конструкция парапета © Lend Lease
Жилой дом Forté в Мельбурне. Конструкция парапета © Lend Lease
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14 floors: Treet, Bergen

Damsgårdsveien 99

ARTEC Arkitekter / Ingeniører

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Construction is underway in the Norwegian city of Bergen

49-meter wooden house - the tallest in the world today. Half of the 62 future apartments have already been sold, and in October 2015, tenants should settle on its 14 floors.

All vertical loads are carried by gluelam vertical timber trusses (columns with sections 495 x 495 mm and 405 x 650 mm, braces - 406 x 405 mm), and staircases, stair and lift shafts, walls and ceilings are erected from CLT panels. The period of fire resistance of the main bearing system (trusses) is 90 minutes, of the secondary (CLT-panels) - 60.

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Treet - конструктивная модель © Rune Abrahamsen
Treet - конструктивная модель © Rune Abrahamsen
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Treet - конструктивная модель © Rune Abrahamsen
Treet - конструктивная модель © Rune Abrahamsen
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Treet. План типового этажа © Rune Abrahamsen
Treet. План типового этажа © Rune Abrahamsen
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One of the main objectives of the project was to find a way to resist the high wind loads of the seaside town with light timber structures. To add mass to the building, to increase the rigidity by connecting the trusses to each other, and to reduce the swinging amplitude, three concrete slabs were added as slabs - at the level of the fifth and tenth floors and as a roof. Thus, the maximum horizontal deflection of the trusses at the top of the building is 71 mm, which is 1/634 of the building height: this satisfies the Norwegian standard of 1/500.

Жилой дом Treet © BOB
Жилой дом Treet © BOB
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Жилой дом Treet © BOB
Жилой дом Treet © BOB
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Жилой дом Treet © BOB
Жилой дом Treet © BOB
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Windy and damp weather influenced not only the constructive solution, but also the appearance of the house: the north and south facades are glazed, the west and east facades are faced with metal panels.

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Possible future

The cost of constructions from CLT panels is still quite high. This is mainly due to the limited number of players on the market: there are only 2–3 large manufacturers in the world, and a large share of the costs falls on the transportation of materials from Austria - the main supplier - all over the world. Ironically, in addition to financial costs, this "provides" a significant emission of CO2 - which was so diligently avoided by turning wood into a building material.

But supporters of CLT technology are not discouraged: they are confident that the future belongs to wooden skyscrapers. By combining a reinforced concrete core with a wooden secondary support system, or, conversely, wooden posts and beams with monolithic ceilings, buildings can be erected with 25-30 or even 40 floors. Numerous engineering calculations are made, the possibility of constructing a building of this type in just a week is proved, scientific works are presented to the public and possible architectural solutions for wooden high-rise buildings are being developed.

Canadian architect Michael Green, one of the most famous promoters of the idea of wooden high-rise construction, hopes that his native Vancouver will become the leader in the number of wooden high-rises, and the era of reinforced concrete will end after the 20th century: “I have never seen people entering one of of my buildings, they hugged a steel or concrete column, but they did it with a wooden one!"

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