"Wallets" Of The Era Of The French Revolution

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"Wallets" Of The Era Of The French Revolution
"Wallets" Of The Era Of The French Revolution

Video: "Wallets" Of The Era Of The French Revolution

Video: "Wallets" Of The Era Of The French Revolution
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The online workshop "The Second Life of Paper Architecture" was organized at the end of January by the Future Architects team together with the BOOM project. Each team had a curator - also from among the interested students. The participants were divided into five teams and for several days they explored one of the proposed topics: "Avant-gardists of the 20s", "Moscow of the 70s", "Novosibirsk of the 80s", "Virtual paper architecture of modernity" and "Wallets of the era of the French Revolution" - the authors of the last project were named the winner.

Below is the full text of the research of the winning team.

Curator: Maria Asharina (Moscow Architectural Institute, 2nd year)

Team members:

Lada Dmitrieva (NovSU, 5th year)

Anna Rashidova (Moscow Architectural Institute, 5th year)

Atkham Obidzhanov (Moscow Architectural Institute, 2nd year)

Gloria Pastukhova (Moscow Architectural Institute, 2nd year)

Alexandra Markhaeva (NSUADI, 3rd year)

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Great French Revolution at the end of the 18th century. Why great?

In Russia, special attention was paid to it. Lenin wrote:

“Take the great French revolution. It is not for nothing that it is called great. For her class, for which she worked, for the bourgeoisie, she did so much that the entire 19th century, the century that gave civilization and culture to all mankind, passed under the sign of the French Revolution. In all parts of the world he did only what he carried out, carried out in parts, completed what the great French revolutionaries of the bourgeoisie had created …”. The coup in France at the end of the 18th century was affected by a political, economic and social crisis. Everyone demanded changes: representatives of the bourgeoisie, townspeople, and ordinary workers and peasants.

Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
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Architecture was also transformed under the sign of this revolution. A new movement emerged in France at the end of the 18th century. There is an accumulation of traits that meet the utilitarian requirements of the new way of life. The main style system remains classicism, but it goes through a difficult path of development in the pre-revolutionary period: republican, conservative and academic.

The desire to create a new combination of elements in the composition is characterized by the search for fantastic solutions, the rejection of everyday life and the desire for the distant future. Although the prerequisites for the functional and constructive development of building types have not yet been perfected, they have a significant impact on the creativity of conservative architects. Utopian attempts give rise to a penchant for megalomania, new compositional techniques, pure geometry, etc.

Innovations are intertwined with traditional classicism. Despite his stylistic and artistic steadfastness, contradictions between architectural forms and purposes of buildings, between utilitarian requirements and the rigor of an established system, begin to appear.

Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
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The period of intensive work of architectural thought falls on the three great “paper” revolutionaries of France - Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, Ethier Louis-Bull and Jean-Jacques Lecueu.

They understand that the purpose of their architecture is to embody a conceptual idea, not a function of a building. The art of classicism is only a starting point in the development of utopian ideas.

Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
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The works of architectural draftsmen reflect the coming break in the future of architecture. Architecture parlante ("speaking architecture") promotes a new, pure geometry, freedom of thought, striving for eternity, etc. These tenets continue to guide architects to create new images. The world of paper architecture influenced many later styles.

"Talkative architecture" has a particular influence on modernism, brutalism, constructivism and deconstructivism. Here, the approach to shaping and aesthetic solutions is radically changing. In each of these eras, architecture purifies and develops a new person.

Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
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The period of modernism of the 20th century is the spirit of romanticism, in which all the same ideas arise - ideas of truth, the search for a true reality that is different from reality. Interest in the question of the universe of man and nature remains the same. Modernism presents new architectural and construction principles, while turning to the art of the classical era.

Mid-20th century brutalism, "decidedly broad-hipped and massively bearded," is conceived as a departure from the bourgeois elements of modernism. Its difference from modernism and its correspondence with "speaking architecture" is in its roughness and massiveness, as well as in expressionism, which excludes functionalism.

Constructivism, in turn, is another major breakthrough in society. The turning point occurs due to the rapid scientific and technological progress in the second half of the 19th century. The tremendous changes are manifested not only in the structure of the family and the power of technology, but also in the belief in the infinity of the human mind. The basic principles of modern architecture are being formed: utilitarianism, lack of decor, strict laconicism of forms. The tedious academism is being replaced by the radical mind of science. Just as in the 18th century, “paper” architecture came to replace classicism, so constructivism of the 20th century came to replace academism, thereby completing classical art and its ideology. Architecture is being reborn in a different, new look, continuing to meet the needs of modern society.

Rules are there to be broken. The followers of the following style think the same. Deconstructivism at the end of the 20th century is the direction of postmodern architectural trends. Philosophy consists in breaking the usual human thought for the sake of embodying a new pure form. Despite some imitation of other directions, deconstructivists follow their rule: "break" the form and present it in a different light. Just like the French "wallets" in their time "broke" the idea of a traditional architectural structure. Literal sharpness and sharpness is a new interpretation of this direction. Architecture confuses a person by appealing to two things: emotions and associations, while neglecting functionality.

Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
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The influence on architectural structures today is also interesting. We are talking about a kind of symbolism. The level of technological progress to date has made it possible to experiment in every possible way and "flirt" with the idea of architecture. Thus, bizarre architectural structures such as an elephant, an airplane or a coffee grinder appear, and we are sure that the authors of these projects are well acquainted with the work of the visionary architect Jean-Jacques Lekeu. We are talking about the imaginary world of Lekyo: the gate in front of the hunting grounds with bull's heads, the house in the form of a bull, the house in the form of an elephant in section, the project "Castle". The contemporaries of this master could not even imagine that such an approach to architecture could someday become real.

Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
Исследование «Бумажная архитектура эпохи Великой французской революции XVIII-XIX Влияние на мировые тенденции в архитектуре» Предоставлено Future Architects
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It is important to note that in addition to the analogy we made between the mentioned styles and paper architecture of the French Revolution era, we traced a special attitude towards it on the part of the famous architect Le Corbusier. In his completed projects, Corbusier "discusses" and explains the process of shaping, proceeding from the philosophy of French "wallets". The addiction to gigantomania, constructive and outwardly smooth flawlessness is a reference to the revolutionary architecture of Ledoux, Bull and Lekeu. And the use of glass by the architect in buildings makes them more spacious and open. Thanks to Corbusier's research, we can trace the movement, feel the volume and enjoy the appearance of buildings. This is not a big, but a bright part of our architectural heritage.

Ledoux, Bulle and Lekeu are true outrageous timeless. This is an example of boundless fantasy, striving for the ideal and freedom. Thanks to the unrecognized geniuses of our time, we are moving forward and becoming independent. This is probably why we often turn to architecture and the problems of those eras that have reborn our world in the pursuit of perfection. We keep looking, trying, trying, looking and seeing again and again, returning to the beginning. We follow this endless circle of ideas. Whatever the beginning, it is one - paper and pencil, "paper" utopian and such a contradictory architecture.

Bibliography:

  • Claude-Nicolas Ledoux. Architecture viewed in relation to art, morals and legislation. translation from French into Russian: Oksana Makhneva-Barabanova. Volume 1. Yekaterinburg: Architecton - UralGAKH Publishing House, CANON, 2003.
  • Ledoux Claude-Nicolas. Architecture considered in relation to art, morals and legislation. Place: publishing house Kvadrat, 2003.
  • "Revolution and legacy / legacy of the revolution" // Yu. Yu. Bakhareva N. V. O. B. Marushina Zhukova V. A. Semenov, KGIOP St. Petersburg, 2017.
  • Ruseva V. "Claude Nicolas Ledoux". Place: Komsomolskaya Pravda | Direct-Media, 2014
  • https://mudraya-ptica.livejournal.com/351875.html
  • https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41419694
  • https://veryimportantlot.com/ru/news/obchestvo-i-lyudi/nepristojnyj-arxitektor-zhan-zhak-lekyo
  • https://artelectronics.ru/posts/vcherashnee-buduschee-arkhitektury-gorod-sho
  • https://www.hisour.com/ru/visionary-architecture-29818/
  • https://classic.totalarch.com/europe_17_19/france_republic/1
  • https://classic.totalarch.com/europe_17_19/france_republic/2
  • https://classic.totalarch.com/europe_17_19/france_republic
  • https://berlogos.ru/article/arhitektura-v-revolyucii-i-revolyuciya-v-arhitekture-chast-1-ledu-bulle-i-arhitektonicheskaya-revolyuciya/

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