Nikolay Lyzlov, Founder of the Bureau "Lyzlov Architectural Workshop"
Professor of the Department of Urban Development, Moscow Architectural Institute:
“Of course, I cannot treat projects objectively, after all, I followed their evolution from start to finish. My job is not a project, but a student, and projects are only proof that architects have turned out. The most valuable thing for me is that all the guys are very different. I think this is a great advantage. If they were the same, we would have to think that we did something wrong. There would be a feeling that we did not teach them, but trained them. We followed the work, but in the end the guys got their own works. This means that we were able to teach what was needed - they hear.
I'll tell you a little about the projects themselves. Misha Knyazev with Magnitogorsk. He is a real researcher, a terribly passionate person. Studies late Soviet architecture. Zhenya Zharkov followed a different path, he was very imbued with a specific place. He studied it, fell in love, studied it for a very long time. He also associated all term papers with this territory - south of Moscow, Tula region. He treats him very well, knows well, and as a person Zhenya is very thoughtful and scrupulous. It was especially pleasant to watch his defense - he answered all the questions of the examiners very thoughtfully, right, subtly.
The reconstruction of Rostov the Great (Maria Valyuzhenich) and the reconstruction of the University in Obninsk (Elizaveta Petrova) are two projects that were made by friends who spend a lot of time together, but they managed in very different ways, proved their dissimilarity. Each showed tremendous enthusiasm. Alena Klimovich took up Vyborg. It is, of course, easy to love him, but difficult to deal with. However, she managed to feel the material very subtly.
I really liked that they all showed a principled tough position. For example, everyone was faced with the question: to restore or only to preserve? The most illustrative case is Rostov the Great. The question itself caused an extensive discussion among the commission. Maria Valyuzhenich, the author of the reconstruction of Rostov the Great, decided that there was no need to restore the cathedral, because it would be a simulacrum, it was necessary to preserve the old days. And of course everyone answered: "How is it, why then the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was restored?" And despite such difficult questions, Masha managed to express a real strong position. So it is with the rest - they have a position, and they know how to defend it.
And they set the tasks for themselves. Someone was looking for a method, someone was doing a project, someone was explaining the position. As a result, it turned out that everyone discovered their own method. Urban planning as a whole is the search for a way to develop a city. In each case, it was about making the city an independent system, putting it on the path of further autonomous prosperity. Through all these created systems, the city can go further and feel good. And everyone comes up with this system of support for the city, this method and method himself.
Of course, I am very glad that the guys presented their projects well before the commission and brilliantly defended themselves. *** Reconstruction of the city of Magnitogorsk
Mikhail Knyazev
In the 1930s, a serious urban planning mistake was made - the territory for the construction of Magnitogorsk was incorrectly chosen from the point of view of environmental safety. The left-bank city was being built in the immediate vicinity of the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine, which is absolutely unacceptable. During the years of great socialist construction, the interests of the enterprise were put in the first place, while practically no attention was paid to the creation of a comfortable environment for human existence. Today, the development of the Left Bank is a chaotic structure of hastily built workers' settlements. In the center is the legendary quarter No. 1 - the only completed part of the project of the German architect Ernst May, who was invited to the USSR in 1930. May's proposals were soon rejected, and upon completion of the construction of this, the first and last stage of his project, several blocks, designed by Leningrad architects, were built on the Left Bank.
Over the years, in Magnitogorsk, the question of relocating 80 thousand citizens living in unfavorable conditions to the Right Bank was raised, but the problem has not yet been resolved. One of the goals of the project was to correct the mistake made at the very start of the construction of the city.
The author proposes to arrange a large expo-complex at the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine at the site vacated from construction, which is advisable in connection with the intensive flow of delegations arriving to visit the enterprise. All preserved historical buildings are being reconstructed and given a cultural and social function - now these buildings serve the expo-park.
On the Right Bank, the author designs new large residential areas where people from the Left Bank move. Here the author would like to note the rich architectural history of Magnitogorsk. In the 1930s, many famous architects developed the concept of socialist settlement at the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. The author studied in detail the history of large-scale architectural competitions held in those years. The author designed all the collected material in the form of a table, where he entered the most notable concepts, the most vivid images of which formed the basis for the project of new districts of the right-bank Magnitogorsk.
Ivan Leonidov's concept of a linear “garden city” is perhaps the most famous fantasy on the theme of socialist settlement at the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. The author tried to convey the ideas of the great architect as accurately as possible, using his project as a basis for a new city, the development of which will take place in parallel to the right-bank Magnitogorsk. Leonidov developed a residential unit, where a large percentage of the total area was occupied by public space, and small apartments in terms of footage were grouped in corners. Such a living cell could serve as a separate residential building or easily become a section of a tower.
In the project, the author wanted to pay special attention to the idea of adapting a living cell according to Leonidov to modern ideas about comfortable housing. The result was two new types of layouts within the existing historical outline. The first type consists of studio apartments and is a modified and improved version of the original solution. In the second type, two studios are combined into one comfortable apartment. In both cases, the idea of a two-story public area has been preserved. New types of residential units can be easily adapted to the functions of a hotel, dormitory or office building.
*** Restoration of the city of Venev
Evgeny Zharkov
Venev is one of the oldest cities in the Tula region. The name is associated with the location on the river. Veneva (now Venevka). The city of Venev is the administrative center of the Venev region. Venev occupies a favorable geographical position in the center of Russia - in the northeastern part of the Tula region, on the Central Russian Upland.
The relief by the nature of the surface is a gentle undulating plain, crossed by river valleys, gullies and ravines. Hydrography in the meridian direction, along the eastern outskirts of the city the river flows. Venevka, belonging to the river network of the Oka river basin.
Being a city full of historical monuments of history and architecture, Venev attracts tourists both from the Tula region and from other regions. The "visiting card" of ancient Venev is the functioning church of John the Baptist, the Resurrection Cathedral, the Epiphany Church. The state of the objects of cultural and historical heritage determines the attractiveness of the city for visiting.
The purpose of this thesis is to restore the historical potential of the city and create a comfortable and favorable environment for human life. The urban planning concept of the master plan is the idea of creating full-fledged landscaped zones with a developed infrastructure, a service system, and a balanced development of all planning zones. The architectural and planning solution is aimed at improving the functional zoning of the territory.
In the structure of the planning organization of the urban area, it is necessary to take into account and preserve the territories of historical and architectural monuments as one of the forms of town-forming objects. There is a need for reconstruction and development of the city center and centers of planning areas, the creation of park and other green areas. The project provides for a balanced planning development of the functional zones of the municipality - residential, public and business, industrial, recreational, agricultural and others. The diploma project provides for the reconstruction and modernization of all functional zones of the municipality in a broad sense - the demolition of low-value low-rise dilapidated fund, the comprehensive improvement of existing residential settlements, the relocation of settlements with a small number of residents and the enlargement of existing ones, the allocation of public centers; complex development of sites for new housing construction; reorganization of production areas in order to efficiently use them and reduce the harmful effects on the environment; improvement and gardening of existing settlements.
As a result of urban planning zoning, residential, public and business, industrial zones, agricultural zones, recreational zones, specially protected areas, and special zones have been identified on the map-scheme. The functional zoning of the territory of the municipality, the city of Venev, provides for:
- Continuity in the functional purpose of territorial zones in relation to the existing use of the territory and previously developed urban planning projects.
- A number of changes in the zoning of the territory.
*** Reconstruction of Rostov Veliky
Maria Valyuzhenich
The city of Rostov is located in the Yaroslavl region on the shores of Lake Nero. Due to its size (the lake is three times larger than the territory of the city itself) and shape (close to a triangle in the plan), the city grows along the longest coast, forming a semi-circular structure. The city is located on a flat area, but its center, the Rostov Kremlin, stands on an artificial embankment, which provides an overview.
The oldest city, virtually preserved in complete inviolability from the middle of the 18th century, at the beginning of the 20th century came under the gun of an ideological struggle. Churches were demolished, industrial enterprises arose on the site of monasteries. The city is now in a state of stagnation. In order to cope with this, the city needs a conservative reconstruction, which will restore its historical appearance and make a comfortable environment, which at this stage does not satisfy the needs of either local residents or tourists. At the same time, it is obvious that reconstruction alone will not be enough - it is necessary to give the city an incentive to develop.
Now restoration work is being carried out on several monuments with a special conservation status, while the protection of less significant monuments is not very active. The tourist infrastructure is not developing. Most of the facilities (industrial and municipal) are not operating now. In addition, due to the creation of industrial enterprises and other new construction, the regular historical planning was partially lost (plan of 1778).
In this regard, the author of the project believes that in the case of Rostov, the most correct solution for the development of the city is its conservation. It is necessary to demolish and destroy only those buildings and those objects that will not be able to "take root" in such an ancient city under any circumstances - for example, factories, large infrastructure facilities or special facilities with special operating conditions. At the same time, the existing modern buildings do not need to be demolished or attempted to be built into the historical planning - these are completed objects. Therefore, it is most correct to let this modern building "survive" until the end of its service life, after which, without attempts to restore or major repairs, demolish, giving the vacated territory for new building, as close as possible to the historical one. Thus, it is possible to formulate a sequence of actions that would allow the reorganization of Rostov without causing even more damage to the city. To do this, you need to choose a development strategy that will give the city an incentive to develop and overcome stagnation.
Rostov is the center of the Golden Ring and has great transport potential in relation to other cities on this route. Therefore, if you create a transport and logistics infrastructure focused on tourist flows, you can solve this route in a different way and provide the city with the opportunity to develop as a transport hub. The new transport solution will remove some of the load from Moscow directions and change the circular traffic to radial. Thus, Rostov will become a tourist center of the region.
The city has its own railway and bus station, but to create a transport hub it is necessary to create an infrastructure complex that meets the needs of tourists. Consequently, the capabilities of this complex should exceed the needs of the city and partially serve the flow of tourists from other cities. Particularly important is the withdrawal of industry beyond the boundaries of the historical settlement: Rostov has an administrative reserve behind the railway, on the territory of which it is possible to create a satellite city suitable for the development of industry and the creation of a new full-fledged district of Rostov.
It is important not to try to reconstruct the city, filling the voids with pseudo-historical buildings, but to fill it with a fundamentally new architecture in accordance with the regulations. When designing a TPU, it is necessary not to harm the historical center of the city. In place of the voids, which are now occupied by warehouses and inflatable buildings, a tourist complex can be located. Another problem of Rostov can be considered the concentration on historical monuments, while the city lacks cultural and entertainment facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to find places to accommodate such functions.
Thus, all these measures will make it possible to transform Rostov from a suburban city into a full-fledged tourist center, not only without harming the city, but also gradually restoring its historical appearance.
*** University campus in Obninsk
Elizaveta Petrova
The university campus is a cluster complex that includes educational, scientific and laboratory, experimental production, public and recreational and residential facilities and spaces on a single isolated territory belonging to one organization, with predominantly pedestrian accessibility of all facilities of the complex.
Research into the design and development principles of university campuses is becoming increasingly important. In this regard, a federal program for the development of campuses in the structure of educational clusters has been developed for the period up to 2020. The network of federal universities, which is currently being created in Russia, is designed to unite the centers of regional innovative development. However, the existing regulatory documents address issues related to the functional requirements and planning solutions of individual objects, and the classification of the structures under consideration is limited. Incompletely stated design standards for people with disabilities, issues of cooperation of educational functions with additional service objects, etc.
In the urban planning aspect, the problem arises of choosing the optimal location of the university campus and its rational connection with the fabric of the city and the transport framework. It is necessary to analyze the network of university campuses and take this data into account when choosing a design area, relying on the principles of cooperation, consolidation, grouping, integration, etc. One of the important features that distinguishes world-class universities is the special complex spatial organization of the territory, the spatial environment and the unique architectural and spatial appearance. The university campus should include all of these components.
The selected building site is located in the zone of the main concentration of research institutes, next to the recreational riverine zone of Obninsk, possible development beyond the Protva River, behind the IPPE. There is also the IATE site, where laboratories and start-up sites will be located. The projected new administrative and public center of the city is 1.5 km from the campus. This provides a convenient pedestrian connection with the main cultural and social axes of the city. Individual buildings and functions of the campus become available to the city, and the city also works for the campus. The campus is spreading its influence over part of Obninsk, creating a unique university city environment there. The projected campus is located behind the line of public buildings on the main axis of the city - Lenin Avenue. The multi-core structure allows for more flexible and full use of campus spaces and premises, which creates a rich, structured information and communication environment.
*** Reconstruction of the city of Vyborg
Alena Klimovich
Vyborg is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Vyborg municipal district of the Leningrad region. It is located 68 km north-west of the administrative border with St. Petersburg and 122 km from the historical center of St. Petersburg. Vyborg is located on the shores of the Vyborg Bay, located in the northeastern part of the Gulf of Finland.
The project is a comprehensive development of the reconstruction of the port area of the city of Vyborg. The port separates the city from the Baltic Sea, thereby hindering the full use of the recreational potential of the territory. The goal of the project is to ensure long-term sustainable development of the central part of the city, with the formation of a favorable living environment, preservation of a unique historical environment, and the creation of a modern actively developing city. The main idea of the project was the reconstruction of the port area, including the creation of a residential area, the development of a park system, the creation of pedestrian routes, the development of the city's cultural and educational functions, and the use of the historical and cultural potential.
The project provides for the construction of a new residential area with access to the embankment. The new district is a preserved urban planning system. The number of storeys in the new building does not exceed five floors, thus the new quarter does not argue with the existing urban landscape.
In order to make the embankment more accessible for the townspeople and guests of the city, some streets of the old city were brought to it. To create urban walking routes, pedestrian bridges were built connecting the historical part of the city with the neighboring island. The project also proposes to restore part of the fortifications located in the Kalinin park.
One of the objectives of the project was to create a network of linear boulevards connecting the entire city with the embankment, as well as the development of historically established park and boulevard zones. The project proposes to increase the number of transport links with the southern and northern parts of the city; it is planned to build a new road bridge in the central part of the city.
